BRAINCAKE

Edexcel A-level Biology

Edexcel Biology (9BI0)16 topics418 lessons

Free Edexcel A-level Biology revision for Edexcel Biology (9BI0): 16 topics and 418 short lessons, each with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps and a quiz. The topics follow the Edexcel specification.

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1. Cellular Respiration

20 lessons

  1. Cellular Respiration
  2. ATP
  3. Aerobic Respiration
  4. Respiration in the Cytoplasm
  5. Mitochondria
  6. Hydrogen Acceptors
  7. Investigating the Rate of Respiration
  8. Investigating the Site of ATP Synthesis
  9. Glycolysis
  10. Anaerobic Respiration in Mammals
  11. Lactate
  12. Sprint Athletes
  13. Anaerobic Respiration in Plants and Fungi
  14. Discovery of Glycolysis
  15. Aerobic Respiration: Summary
  16. The Link Reaction
  17. The Krebs Cycle
  18. The Electron Transport Chain
  19. Chemiosmosis
  20. Net Gain of ATP

2. Photosynthesis

20 lessons

  1. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  2. The Process of Photosynthesis
  3. Chloroplasts
  4. Chlorophyll
  5. Absorption Spectrum Chlorophyll
  6. Chromatography
  7. Photosystems
  8. The Light-Dependent Reactions
  9. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
  10. Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
  11. The Light-Independent Stage
  12. The Calvin Cycle
  13. The Products of Photosynthesis
  14. C4 Plants
  15. Rubisco
  16. Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis
  17. Light
  18. Carbon Dioxide
  19. Temperature
  20. Limiting Factors in the Wild

3. Bacteria and Disease

30 lessons

  1. Culturing Microorganisms
  2. Aseptic Culture Techniques
  3. Selective Media
  4. Growing a Pure Culture
  5. Counting the Number of Cells
  6. Turbidity
  7. Dilution Plating
  8. Area and Mass of Fungi
  9. Growth of Bacterial Colonies
  10. Logarithmic Scale
  11. Exponential Growth
  12. Bacterial Toxins
  13. Endotoxins
  14. Salmonella spp.
  15. Exotoxins
  16. Staphylococcus spp.
  17. Host Tissue Invasion
  18. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  19. Antibiotics
  20. Broad-spectrum, Narrow spectrum, Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal
  21. Antimetabolites
  22. Protein synthesis Inhibitors
  23. Cell Wall Agents
  24. Cell Membrane Agents
  25. DNA Gyrase Inhibitors
  26. Antibiotic Resistance
  27. Creating Drug-Resistant Bacteria
  28. MRSA
  29. Clostridium difficile
  30. Prevention and Control of Infection

4. Viruses, Fungi and Protozoa

17 lessons

  1. Viral Diseases
  2. Influenza
  3. Transmission of Influenza
  4. Pathogenic Effects of Influenza
  5. Treatment and Control of Influenza
  6. Fungi as Pathogens
  7. Puccinia graminis
  8. Transmission of Stem Rust
  9. Pathogenic Effects of Stem Rust
  10. Treatment and Control of Stem Rust
  11. Protozoa as Pathogens
  12. Plasmodium spp.
  13. Transmission of Malaria
  14. Pathogenic Effects of Malaria
  15. Endemic Diseases
  16. Treatment, Prevention and Control of Malaria
  17. Preventing the Breeding of Mosquitoes

5. Response to Infection

20 lessons

  1. Cell Recognition
  2. Non-specific Responses
  3. Fevers
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Lymphocytes
  6. B cells
  7. T Cells
  8. The Humoral Response
  9. The Effector Stage
  10. Clonal Selection
  11. Antibodies
  12. The Cell-Mediated Response
  13. Cytotoxic T Cells
  14. Primary and Secondary Immune Response
  15. Types of Immunity
  16. Artificial Passive Immunity
  17. Artificial Active Immunity - Vaccines
  18. Herd Immunity
  19. Eradicating Disease
  20. The Pros and Cons of Vaccination

6. Gene Sequencing

12 lessons

  1. The Genome
  2. The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  3. How PCR Works
  4. DNA Sequencing
  5. Using DNA Sequencing
  6. Using DNA Sequencing to Manage Disease
  7. Introns and Satellite DNA
  8. DNA Profiles
  9. Gel Electrophoresis
  10. Southern Blotting and Gene Probes
  11. Forensic Science
  12. Paternity Testing

7. Gene Expression

39 lessons

  1. Gene Expression
  2. Gene Probes
  3. Control of Gene Expression
  4. Transcription Factors
  5. RNA Splicing
  6. Epigenetics
  7. DNA Methylation
  8. DNA Demethylation
  9. Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
  10. Histone Acetylation
  11. Histone Methylation
  12. non-Coding RNA
  13. siRNA
  14. Cell Differentiation
  15. Early Stages of Development
  16. Stem Cells
  17. Embryonic Stem Cells
  18. Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
  19. Adult Stem Cells
  20. Determination of Cell Type
  21. Evidence for Cell Determination
  22. Development of an Organism
  23. Epigenetic Control of Development
  24. Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression
  25. Stem Cell Therapy
  26. Therapeutic Cloning
  27. Gene Editing
  28. Potential Benefits of Stem Cell Therapy
  29. Pitfalls of Stem Cell Therapy
  30. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
  31. Diseases that Could Be Treated
  32. Type I Diabetes
  33. Damaged Nerves
  34. Organs for Transplants
  35. Stem Cell Success
  36. Ethical Questions
  37. Using Embryonic Stem Cells
  38. Advantages of Therapeutic Cloning
  39. Advantages of iPS Cells

8. Gene Technology

17 lessons

  1. Producing Recombinant DNA
  2. Identifying Transformed Organisms
  3. Vectors
  4. Gene Guns
  5. Liposome Wrapping
  6. Microinjection
  7. Gene Silencing
  8. Transgenic Plants
  9. Cloning Plants
  10. Genetic Modification of Crops
  11. Genetic Modification of Soya Bean
  12. Gene Technology in Animals
  13. Gene Technology in Humans
  14. Knockout Mice
  15. Human Gene Therapy
  16. Ethics
  17. Safety of GM Crops

9. Genetic Information

30 lessons

  1. Meiosis and Genetic Variation
  2. Mutation and Genetic Variation
  3. Different Types of Mutation
  4. Random Fertilisation
  5. Genetics and Inheritance
  6. Alleles
  7. Polygenic Traits
  8. Monohybrid Crosses
  9. Test Cross
  10. Sampling Errors
  11. Mendel
  12. Law of Segregation
  13. Law of Independent Assortment
  14. Multiple Alleles
  15. Codominance
  16. Dihybrid Crosses
  17. Drosophila
  18. Probability
  19. Chi-Squared Test
  20. Chi-Squared Test - Monohybrid Crosses
  21. Chi-Squared Test- Dihybrid Crosses
  22. Gene Linkage
  23. Identifying Linked Genes
  24. Chromosome Mapping
  25. Sex-Linkage
  26. Pedigree Diagrams
  27. The Albino Trait
  28. Sex-Linked Diseases
  29. Red-Green Colour Blindness
  30. Haemophilia

10. Gene Pools

16 lessons

  1. Population Genetics
  2. Allele Frequency
  3. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
  4. Hardy Weinberg Equation
  5. Conditions of the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
  6. Mutations
  7. Non-Random Mating
  8. Different Sized Populations
  9. Isolation
  10. Selection Pressure
  11. Population Bottlenecks
  12. The Founder Effect
  13. Stabilising Selection
  14. Directional Selection
  15. Disruptive Selection
  16. Genetic Drift

11. Chemical Control

30 lessons

  1. Homeostasis
  2. Feedback Systems
  3. Negative Feedback
  4. Positive Feedback
  5. Chemical Control
  6. Endocrine Glands
  7. Hormone Release System
  8. Pituitary Gland
  9. Second Messenger System
  10. Plant Stimuli
  11. Plant Responses
  12. Plant Growth
  13. Auxins
  14. How Auxins Work
  15. Gibberellins
  16. Cytokinins
  17. Synergy and Antagonism
  18. Apical Dominance
  19. Sensory Systems in Plants
  20. Phytochromes
  21. Photoperiodism
  22. Long Day Plants
  23. Short Day Plants
  24. Day Neutral Plants
  25. Signal Detection
  26. Discovery
  27. Photomorphogenesis
  28. Germination and Photomorphogenesis
  29. Phytochromes, Photomorphogenesis and Tropisms
  30. Phytochrome as a Transcription Factor

12. Mammalian Nervous System

38 lessons

  1. Nervous System
  2. Structure and Function of Neurones
  3. Nerve Impulses
  4. Myelinated Neurones
  5. Speed of Nerve Impulses
  6. Investigating Nerve Impulses
  7. Resting Potential
  8. Action Potential
  9. Depolarisation
  10. Repolarisation
  11. Hyperpolarisation
  12. Refractory Period
  13. Transmission of Nerve Impulses
  14. Saltatory Conduction
  15. Synapses
  16. Pre-synaptic Membrane
  17. Post-Synaptic Membrane
  18. Neurotransmitters
  19. Drugs
  20. Nicotine
  21. Lidocaine
  22. Cobra Venom
  23. Sensory Receptors
  24. The Human Eye
  25. The Retina
  26. Rods
  27. Cones
  28. Colour Vision
  29. Formation of the Brain
  30. Major Areas of the Brain
  31. Other Areas of the Brain
  32. Spinal Cord
  33. Reflex Responses
  34. Peripheral Nervous System
  35. Voluntary Nervous System
  36. Autonomic Nervous System
  37. Sympathetic Nervous System
  38. Parasympathetic Nervous System

13. Homeostasis

41 lessons

  1. Controlling the Heart Rate
  2. Nervous Control of the Heart
  3. Baroreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Hormonal Control of the Heart
  6. Additional Responses
  7. Protein Homeostasis in the Liver
  8. Osmoregulation
  9. Osmoregulation in Mammals
  10. Structure and Function of the Kidney
  11. Ultrafiltration
  12. Selective Reabsorption
  13. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  14. Loop of Henle
  15. Countercurrent Multiplier
  16. Distal Convoluted Tubule
  17. Collecting Duct
  18. Urine
  19. Adaptations
  20. Control of Osmoregulation
  21. ADH
  22. Negative Feedback Control
  23. Extra Feedback
  24. Diabetes Insipidus
  25. Thermoregulation
  26. Losing or Gaining Heat
  27. Control of Body Temperature
  28. Endotherms
  29. Ectotherms
  30. Thermoregulation in Endotherms
  31. The Skin
  32. Keeping Cool
  33. Keeping Warm
  34. Control of Core Body Temperature
  35. Vasodilation
  36. Vasoconstriction
  37. Adaptations for Cold Environments
  38. Adaptations for Hot Environments
  39. Cooling The Brain
  40. Behavioural Control of Body Temperature
  41. Cape Ground Squirrel

14. The Nature of Ecosystems

39 lessons

  1. Ecosystem
  2. Habitat
  3. Community
  4. Abiotic Factors
  5. Biotic Factors
  6. Biosphere
  7. Primary Succession
  8. Climax Community
  9. Secondary Succession
  10. Case Study: Sand Dune Succession
  11. Light
  12. Temperature
  13. Wind and Water Currents
  14. Water Availability
  15. Oxygen Availability
  16. Edaphic Factors
  17. Predation
  18. Finding a Mate
  19. Territory
  20. Parasitism and Disease
  21. Case Study: Snowshoe Hare and Lynx
  22. Case Study: Red Grouse and Parasites
  23. Density Dependent Factors
  24. Density Independent Factors
  25. Competition
  26. Intraspecific Competition
  27. Interspecific Competition
  28. Species Abundance
  29. Species Distribution
  30. Ecological Techniques
  31. Quadrats
  32. ACFOR Scale
  33. Point Quadrats
  34. Permanent Quadrats
  35. Transects
  36. More Ecological Techniques
  37. Hypothesis Testing
  38. Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient
  39. Student's t-Test

15. The Efficiency of Ecosystems

20 lessons

  1. Food Chains
  2. Food Webs
  3. Ecological Pyramids
  4. Pyramid of Numbers
  5. Pyramid of Biomass
  6. Inverted Pyramids of Numbers
  7. Energy Losses in Producers
  8. Energy Losses between Consumers
  9. Efficiency of Energy Transfer
  10. Gross Primary Productivity
  11. Net Primary Productivity
  12. The Limitations of Efficiency Calculations
  13. Energy Transfer and Food Chain Length
  14. Nutrient Recycling
  15. Conditions for Recycling Nutrients
  16. Microorganisms in the Nitrogen Cycle
  17. Microorganisms in the Carbon Cycle
  18. Short-term Carbon Sinks
  19. Long-term Carbon Sinks
  20. Human Influence

16. Human Influence on Ecosystems

29 lessons

  1. Human Population Explosion
  2. Climate Change
  3. Depletion of Biological Resources
  4. Loss of Biodiversity
  5. The Burden of Proof
  6. Evaluating Studies
  7. Greenhouse Effect
  8. Evidence for the Global Temperature Increase
  9. Analysis of Ice Cores
  10. Data Reliability
  11. Methane
  12. Correlation or Causation
  13. Models of Global Warming
  14. Effects of Climate Change
  15. Risk of Flooding
  16. The Effect on Organisms
  17. Changes in Species Distribution
  18. Farming: Depletion of Resources
  19. Fishing: Depletion of Resources
  20. Anthropogenic Changes in the Ocean
  21. Problems with Conservation
  22. Fish Farming and Aquaculture
  23. Endangered Species
  24. Extinction
  25. Human Causes of Extinction
  26. Conserving Biodiversity
  27. CITES
  28. CITES Successes
  29. Limitations of CITES