BRAINCAKE

AQA A-level Biology

AQA Biology (7402)13 topics274 lessons

AQA A-level Biology revision for AQA Biology (7402): 13 topics and 274 short lessons, each with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps and a quiz. The topics follow the AQA specification.

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1. Energy for Biological Processes

17 lessonsSpec 3.5.1, 3.5.2

  1. ATP
  2. Chloroplasts
  3. Photosynthetic pigments
  4. Photosystems
  5. Cyclic Photophosphorylation
  6. Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation
  7. Chemiosmosis
  8. Calvin Cycle
  9. Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis
  10. Light Intensity as a Limiting Factor
  11. Carbon Dioxide Concentration as a Limiting Factor
  12. Temperature as a Limiting Factor
  13. Interpreting Limiting Factor Graphs
  14. Effect of Limiting Factors on the Calvin Cycle
  15. Uses of Triose Phosphate
  16. Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis
  17. Agricultural Glasshouses and Limiting Factors

2. Respiration

12 lessonsSpec 3.5.2

  1. Energy from Glucose.
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. Lysis
  5. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
  6. The Link Reaction
  7. The Krebs Cycle.
  8. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  9. ATP Synthase
  10. ATP Synthase
  11. Anaerobic Respiration - Plants and Microorganisms.
  12. Anaerobic Respiration - Mammals

3. Energy and Ecosystems

14 lessonsSpec 3.5.3

  1. Producers, Consumers and Decomposers
  2. Trophic Levels
  3. Biomass
  4. Measuring Biomass - Dry Mass
  5. Calorimetry and Chemical Energy in Biomass
  6. Gross Primary Production
  7. Net Primary Production
  8. NPP = GPP - R
  9. Net Production of Consumers
  10. Efficiency of Energy Transfer
  11. Calculating Percentage Efficiency
  12. Farming Practices and Productivity
  13. Reducing Respiratory Losses in Livestock
  14. Simplifying Food Webs to Reduce Energy Loss

4. Nutrient Cycles

13 lessonsSpec 3.5.4

  1. Nutrient Cycles
  2. Role of Saprobionts
  3. The Nitrogen Cycle
  4. Nitrogen Fixation
  5. Ammonification
  6. Nitrification
  7. Denitrification
  8. The Phosphorus Cycle
  9. Mycorrhizae
  10. Natural and Artificial Fertilisers
  11. Effects of Fertilisers on Productivity
  12. Leaching
  13. Eutrophication

5. Plant Responses

19 lessonsSpec 3.6.1.1

  1. Plant Growth Responses
  2. Plant Hormones
  3. Seed Germination
  4. Auxins and Cell Elongation
  5. Gibberellins: Synergy and Antagonism.
  6. Leaf Loss
  7. Flowering and Day-Length
  8. Preventing Freezing
  9. Stomatal Control
  10. Chemical Defences
  11. Pheromones
  12. Response to Touch
  13. Tropisms
  14. Growing in the Dark
  15. Geotropism
  16. Fruit Ripening
  17. Rooting Powder
  18. Hormonal Weedkillers
  19. Other Uses of Plant Hormones

6. Neuronal Communication

38 lessonsSpec 3.6.1.1, 3.6.1.2, 3.6.2.1, 3.6.2.2

  1. Co-ordination
  2. Co-ordination Systems
  3. Cell Signalling
  4. The Nervous System
  5. Neurones
  6. Sensory Neurones
  7. Motor Neurones
  8. Myelinated Neurones
  9. Sensory Receptors
  10. Pacinian Corpuscles
  11. Generator Potential
  12. Resting Potential
  13. Depolarisation
  14. Repolarisation
  15. Hyperpolarisation
  16. The Action Potential
  17. Nerve Impulse
  18. Saltatory Conduction
  19. Synapses
  20. Neurotransmitters
  21. Transmission of Impulse across Synapse
  22. The Role of Synapses
  23. Summation
  24. Structural Organisation of the Nervous System
  25. Functional Organisation of the Nervous System
  26. The Autonomic Nervous System
  27. Comparison of Neurones
  28. Receptors in the Eye - Rod Cells
  29. Receptors in the Eye - Cone Cells
  30. Sino-Atrial Node
  31. Contraction of the Heart
  32. Autonomic Control of the Heart Rate
  33. Chemoreceptors
  34. Pressure Receptors
  35. Reflex Arc
  36. Taxes
  37. Kinesis
  38. Tropisms

7. Muscles

15 lessonsSpec 3.6.3

  1. Types of Muscle
  2. Difference in Structure of Different Types of Muscle
  3. Cardiac Muscle
  4. Smooth Muscle
  5. Muscle Fibres
  6. Myofibrils
  7. Actin
  8. Myosin
  9. A Sarcomere
  10. Neuromuscular Junction
  11. Sliding Filament Model
  12. Release of Calcium Ions into the Sarcoplasm
  13. The Power Stroke
  14. The Role of Ca2+ and ATP in Muscle Contraction
  15. Energy Supply during Muscle Contraction

8. Hormonal Communication

11 lessonsSpec 3.6.4.2

  1. Endocrine Glands
  2. Hormones
  3. The Adrenal Glands
  4. Adrenal Cortex
  5. Adrenal Medulla
  6. Pancreas
  7. Blood glucose concentration
  8. Insulin
  9. Glucagon
  10. Mechanism of Insulin Secretion
  11. Diabetes Mellitus

9. Homeostasis

33 lessonsSpec 3.6.4.1, 3.6.4.2, 3.6.4.3

  1. Homeostasis
  2. Feedback Systems
  3. Examples of Positive Feedback
  4. Endotherms and Ectotherms
  5. Behavioural Responses in Ectotherms
  6. Physiological Responses in Ectotherms
  7. Thermoreceptors
  8. The Hypothalamus
  9. Cooling
  10. Warming Up
  11. Excretion
  12. The Liver
  13. Structure of the Liver
  14. Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Liver
  15. Transamination and Deamination
  16. Detoxification
  17. Production of Bile Salts, Bile Pigments and Cholesterol
  18. The Kidneys
  19. Structure of the Kidney
  20. Nephrons
  21. Bowman's Capsule
  22. Glomerulus
  23. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  24. Loop of Henlé
  25. Countercurrent Multiplier
  26. Ultrafiltration, Selective Reabsorption and Osmoregulation.
  27. Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
  28. ADH
  29. Kidney failure
  30. Haemodialysis
  31. Peritoneal Dialysis
  32. Pregnancy Testing
  33. Anabolic Steroids

10. Genetics and Variation

41 lessonsSpec 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.3, 3.8.1

  1. The Genetic Code
  2. Mutations
  3. Effects of Mutations
  4. Change in Protein Function
  5. Sickle-cell Anaemia
  6. Causes of mutations
  7. Chromosome Mutations
  8. Gene Regulation
  9. Controlling Transcription
  10. Lac Operon
  11. Cyclic AMP
  12. Post-transcriptional control
  13. Translational Control
  14. Post-translational Control
  15. Homeobox Genes
  16. Body Plans
  17. Apoptosis
  18. Regulatory Genes
  19. Variation
  20. Body Mass
  21. Genetic Variation
  22. Continuous and Discontinuous Variation
  23. Genetic Cross
  24. Sex Linkage
  25. Dihybrid Crosses
  26. Linkage
  27. Χ-squared Test
  28. Epistasis
  29. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
  30. Changes in Allele Frequencies
  31. Population Bottlenecks and The Founder Effect
  32. Types of Selection
  33. Species
  34. Allopatric Speciation
  35. Sympatric Speciation
  36. Artificial Selection
  37. Codominance
  38. Codominance Genetic Crosses
  39. Multiple Alleles
  40. Multiple Allele Crosses - ABO Blood Groups
  41. Autosomal Linkage and Recombinant Offspring

11. Populations in Ecosystems

20 lessonsSpec 3.7.4

  1. Populations and Communities
  2. Ecosystems
  3. Niches
  4. Carrying Capacity
  5. Abiotic Factors and Population Size
  6. Biotic Factors and Population Size
  7. Intraspecific Competition
  8. Interspecific Competition
  9. Predator-Prey Relationships
  10. Estimating Population Size with Quadrats
  11. Random Sampling with Quadrats
  12. Systematic Sampling along Transects
  13. Mark-Release-Recapture
  14. Assumptions of Mark-Release-Recapture
  15. Succession
  16. Primary Succession
  17. Secondary Succession
  18. Climax Communities
  19. Conservation and Succession
  20. Managing Succession in Conservation

12. Control of Gene Expression

18 lessonsSpec 3.8.2.1, 3.8.2.2, 3.8.2.3

  1. Totipotent Stem Cells
  2. Pluripotent, Multipotent and Unipotent Stem Cells
  3. Stem Cells in Mature Plants
  4. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
  5. Stem Cells in Treating Disease
  6. Transcription Factors
  7. Oestrogen and the Initiation of Transcription
  8. RNA Interference (siRNA and miRNA)
  9. Epigenetics
  10. DNA Methylation
  11. Histone Acetylation
  12. Epigenetics and Disease
  13. Benign and Malignant Tumours
  14. Tumour Suppressor Genes
  15. Oncogenes
  16. Abnormal Methylation and Cancer
  17. Oestrogen and Breast Cancer
  18. Epigenetic Treatments for Cancer

13. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

23 lessonsSpec 3.8.3, 3.8.4.1, 3.8.4.2, 3.8.4.3

  1. Non-coding DNA
  2. Gel Electrophoresis
  3. DNA Profiling
  4. The Polymerase Chain Reaction
  5. DNA Sequencing
  6. Automated Sequencing
  7. Pathogens, DNA Barcoding
  8. Genomics and Proteomics
  9. Recombinant DNA
  10. Genetic Engineering
  11. Genetically Engineering Different Organisms
  12. Genetically Engineering Plants
  13. Ethical Concerns - microorganisms
  14. GM plants
  15. Patenting
  16. GM animals
  17. Gene Therapy
  18. DNA Probes
  19. DNA Hybridisation
  20. Locating Specific Alleles with Probes
  21. Genetic Screening
  22. Genetic Counselling
  23. Personalised Medicine