BRAINCAKESubstrate Level Phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation is the formation of ATP without the involvement of the electron transport chain. A phosphate group is added to each molecule of triose phosphate using inorganic phosphate from the cytoplasm. This forms two triose bisphosphate molecules. After a series of steps ATP is generated from the removal of the phosphate groups from each of the triose bisphosphate molecules. NAD is reduced by the hydrogen atoms released.
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Key terms in this lesson
- glycolysis
- The first stage of respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, in which glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate with a net yield of 2 ATP and reduced NAD.
- pyruvate
- The three-carbon end product of glycolysis, which enters the mitochondrion for the link reaction in the presence of oxygen or is reduced to lactate or ethanol in its absence.
- electron transport chain
- A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial (or thylakoid) membrane that pass electrons along a chain of redox reactions, pumping protons across the membrane to generate a proton gradient.
- ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate, the universal energy currency of cells, formed by adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP and hydrolysed to release energy for cellular reactions.
More in Respiration
- Energy from Glucose.
- Glycolysis
- Phosphorylation
- Lysis
- The Link Reaction
- The Krebs Cycle.
- oxidative phosphorylation
- ATP Synthase
All 12 lessons in Respiration · All AQA A-level Biology topics