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Cell Recognition and the Immune System

AQA AS-level BiologyTopic 7 of 1430 lessons

Revision notes for Cell Recognition and the Immune System in AQA Biology (7401). Every lesson in BrainCake comes with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps, a quick check and spaced reviews.

  1. The Immune SystemThe immune system is the body's defence against pathogens.
  2. Defence MechanismsThe body has specific and non-specific defence mechanisms.
  3. Lymphocytes and PhagocytesThere are two types of white blood cell, phagocytes and lymphocytes.
  4. Recognising Self and Non-Self CellsLymphocytes are able to distinguish which cells are the body's own cells (self) and which cells are foreign (non-self) in order to destroy pathogens…
  5. PhagocytosisLarge particles and bacteria can be engulfed by phagocytosis.
  6. AntigensAntigens are proteins or glycoproteins on the surface of cells or viruses capable of triggering an immune response.
  7. LymphocytesLymphocytes are white blood cells produced by haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
  8. Cell-Mediated ImmunityNeutrophils engulf and then completely destroy pathogens then die.
  9. Cytotoxic T-cellsCytotoxic T cells (Tc) kill abnormal cells and cells that are infected with pathogens.
  10. Humoral ImmunityB cells produce antibodies and secrete them into the blood and tissue fluid.
  11. Primary and Secondary Immune ResponseThe primary immune response is the production of antibodies and memory cells.
  12. Antibody StructureAntibodies are small, soluble Y-shaped proteins made up of four polypeptide chains.
  13. Antibody FunctionAntibodies work in various ways to stop pathogens from causing damage to cells.
  14. Monoclonal AntibodiesMonoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are identical in structure and function.
  15. Drug Delivery and TherapyMonoclonal antibodies specific to antigens on cancer cells can be used to treat cancer.
  16. Medical DiagnosisThere are several monoclonal antibody tests that are used to diagnose diseases such as influenza, prostate cancer, hepatitis and chlamydia.
  17. Pregnancy TestingMonoclonal antibodies are used in home pregnancy test kits.
  18. EthicsThe production of monoclonal antibodies requires the deliberate induction of cancer in mice.
  19. Producing Monoclonal AntibodiesProducing monoclonal antibodies 1.
  20. Active, Passive, Natural and Artificial ImmunityPassive immunity is the introduction of antibodies into an individual.
  21. VaccinationA vaccine produces an immune response to the pathogen by introducing the antigen in a harmless form into the body.
  22. Herd ImmunityWhen enough of a population have immunity to a disease the pathogen is unlikely to spread within the population because the population has herd…
  23. Vaccination Programme FailureThe efficacy of a vaccine is not always 100% and it may fail to induce immunity in certain individuals.
  24. EthicsThe production and testing of vaccines often involves animals.
  25. MMR Vaccine Case StudyThe MMR vaccine was introduced into the UK in 1988.
  26. Structure of HIV VirusThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA retrovirus.
  27. Replication of HIV VirusThe virus attaches to the host cell by the attachment protein binding to a CD4 receptor of a T-helper cell.
  28. AIDSHIV causes AIDS by killing or interfering with the normal functioning of T-helper cells.
  29. The ELISA TestELISA stands for enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
  30. AntibioticsGram negative bacteria e.g.

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