BRAINCAKEExchange and transport in animals
Revision notes for Exchange and transport in animals in Edexcel Combined Science (1SC0). Every lesson in BrainCake comes with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps, a quick check and spaced reviews.
- Transporting substances in animalsEvery cell in an animal needs a steady supply of some substances and has to get rid of others.
- Exchange surfaces and transport systemsEvery cell must take in oxygen and dissolved food and get rid of waste.
- Alveoli and gas exchangeGas exchange happens in millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.
- Structure and function of bloodBlood is a tissue made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, and each part has a structure that suits its job.
- Structure and function of blood vesselsThe blood travels around the body in three types of blood vessel, and the structure of each one suits its function.
- The heart and circulatory systemThe heart is a muscular pump with two sides, and the body has a double circulation.
- Cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobicCellular respiration is the chemical reaction that happens continuously in every living cell, in plants as well as animals.
- Aerobic and anaerobic respiration comparedBoth types of respiration release energy from glucose, but they differ in the oxygen needed, the products and the amount of energy released.
- Core practical: rate of respirationYou can measure the rate of respiration in small organisms, such as woodlice, maggots or germinating peas, using a respirometer.
- Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac outputHeart rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm).
- Fractions from crude oil and their usesCrude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
- How the fractions differThe hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes.
- Oxides of nitrogen from enginesAir is about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.
- Hydrogen compared with petrol as a car fuelPetrol is a hydrocarbon made from crude oil.
- Fossil fuels from crude oil and natural gasPetrol, kerosene and diesel oil are all obtained from crude oil, which is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
- Cracking alkanes to make alkenesCrude oil contains many long hydrocarbon molecules.
- Why cracking is necessaryFractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions, but it does not give the amounts we need.
- Volcanoes and the early atmosphereThe Earth's early atmosphere formed billions of years ago from gases given out by intense volcanic activity.
- Earth's early atmosphereThe Earth's early atmosphere was formed from gases released by volcanic activity.
- How condensation formed the oceansWhen the Earth was young it was very hot.
- How the oceans reduced carbon dioxideThe early atmosphere contained a large amount of carbon dioxide.
- Plants and the rise of oxygenLater in the Earth's history, primitive plants and algae began to grow in the oceans and on land.
- The test for oxygenOxygen is a colourless gas with no smell, so you cannot identify it by looking at it.
- The greenhouse effectThe Sun's radiation warms the Earth's surface, and the warm surface then radiates heat back towards space.
- Evidence for human activity causing climate changeScientists have measured the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the amount of fossil fuels burned and the average global temperature…
- Today's atmosphere and the effects of increased greenhouse gasesToday's atmosphere is about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.