BRAINCAKEArenes
Revision notes for Arenes in Edexcel Chemistry (9CH0). Every lesson in BrainCake comes with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps, a quick check and spaced reviews.
- BenzeneBenzene has the molecular formula C6H6.
- The Kekulé ModelIn 1865 August Kekulé proposed a structure for benzene, C6H6: a ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double bonds, with one…
- The Delocalised Model of BenzeneIn the delocalised model, each of the six carbon atoms in benzene uses three of its four outer electrons to form σ bonds: two to neighbouring carbon…
- Evidence for DelocalisationThree main pieces of evidence show that benzene is not the Kekulé structure and support the delocalised model.
- Combustion of BenzeneLike other hydrocarbons, benzene burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
- Electrophilic SubstitutionBenzene has a high electron density in its ring of delocalised π electrons, so it is attacked by electrophiles: electron-pair acceptors, usually…
- Bromination of BenzeneBenzene reacts with bromine to form bromobenzene by electrophilic substitution.
- Nitration of BenzeneBenzene reacts with nitric acid to form nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, by electrophilic substitution.
- Friedel-Crafts AlkylationFriedel-Crafts alkylation substitutes an alkyl group onto a benzene ring, forming a new C-C bond.
- Friedel-Crafts AcylationFriedel-Crafts acylation substitutes an acyl group, RCO, onto a benzene ring, producing an aromatic ketone.
- PhenolPhenol, C6H5OH, has an OH group bonded directly to a benzene ring.
- Reaction of Phenol with Bromine WaterPhenol reacts rapidly with bromine water at room temperature, without a catalyst.
- Why Phenol is More Reactive than BenzenePhenol, C6H5OH, reacts with bromine far more readily than benzene does.
On the specification
- Topic 18A: Arenes - benzene