BRAINCAKEArenes
Revision notes for Arenes in Edexcel Chemistry (9CH0). Read the start of any lesson here, then sign in free for the whole lesson, the R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps and the quiz.
- BenzeneBenzene has the molecular formula C6H6.
- The Kekulé ModelIn 1865 August Kekulé proposed a structure for benzene, C6H6: a ring of six carbon atoms joined by alternating single and double bonds, with one…
- The Delocalised Model of BenzeneIn the delocalised model, each of the six carbon atoms in benzene uses three of its four outer electrons to form σ bonds: two to neighbouring carbon…
- Evidence for DelocalisationThree main pieces of evidence show that benzene is not the Kekulé structure and support the delocalised model.
- Combustion of BenzeneLike other hydrocarbons, benzene burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
- Electrophilic SubstitutionBenzene has a high electron density in its ring of delocalised π electrons, so it is attacked by electrophiles: electron-pair acceptors, usually…
- Bromination of BenzeneBenzene reacts with bromine to form bromobenzene by electrophilic substitution.
- Nitration of BenzeneBenzene reacts with nitric acid to form nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, by electrophilic substitution.
- Friedel-Crafts AlkylationFriedel-Crafts alkylation substitutes an alkyl group onto a benzene ring, forming a new C-C bond.
- Friedel-Crafts AcylationFriedel-Crafts acylation substitutes an acyl group, RCO, onto a benzene ring, producing an aromatic ketone.
- PhenolPhenol, C6H5OH, has an OH group bonded directly to a benzene ring.
- Reaction of Phenol with Bromine WaterPhenol reacts rapidly with bromine water at room temperature, without a catalyst.
- Why Phenol is More Reactive than BenzenePhenol, C6H5OH, reacts with bromine far more readily than benzene does.