BRAINCAKEScaling up
Revision notes for Scaling up in OCR Biology A (J247). Every lesson in BrainCake comes with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps, a quick check and spaced reviews.
- Transport into and out of cellsCells must take in substances such as oxygen and glucose and remove waste such as carbon dioxide and urea.
- Mitosis and the cell cycleMulticellular organisms grow by making more cells.
- The importance of cell differentiationA fertilised egg divides by mitosis to make many cells that are all alike at first.
- Stem cells and meristemsStem cells are cells that have not yet differentiated.
- Functions of stem cells and meristemsStem cells divide by mitosis to make new cells.
- Embryonic and adult stem cellsAnimals have two main types of stem cell.
- Exchange surfaces and surface area to volume ratioEvery living cell needs oxygen and food and must get rid of waste, and these substances move in and out by diffusion.
- Substances transported in and out of organismsCells need a steady supply of some substances and must remove others.
- The human circulatory systemThe human circulatory system is a transport system made of the heart, blood vessels and blood.
- The heart and blood vesselsThe mammalian heart is a muscular pump made of cardiac muscle, which contracts and relaxes without tiring.
- Adaptations of red blood cells and plasmaBlood is a tissue made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
- Uptake of water and mineral ions by plantsPlants take in water and mineral ions from the soil through their roots.
- Transpiration, translocation and stomataTranspiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves of a plant.
- Xylem and phloem structureXylem and phloem are the two transport tissues in a plant, and each has a structure that suits its job.
- Factors affecting water uptakeA plant takes up water through its roots at about the same rate as it loses water by transpiration, so anything that changes the rate of…
- Using a potometerA potometer measures the rate of water uptake by a plant shoot.