BRAINCAKEGenetics
Revision notes for Genetics in Edexcel Biology (1BI0). Every lesson in BrainCake comes with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps, a quick check and spaced reviews.
- Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproductionIn asexual reproduction a single parent produces offspring on its own.
- Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproductionIn sexual reproduction a male gamete and a female gamete from two parents fuse at fertilisation.
- Meiosis and the production of gametesMeiosis is a type of cell division that makes gametes, the sex cells.
- The structure of DNADNA is a polymer.
- The genome and genesThe genome of an organism is all of its DNA.
- Extracting DNA from fruit, and how bases code for proteinsDNA can be extracted from fruit such as strawberries.
- From DNA bases to protein shapeA gene is a section of DNA, and its code is the order of its bases (A, T, C and G).
- Protein synthesis: transcription and translationProtein synthesis has two stages.
- Variants in non-coding DNAA genetic variant is a difference in the DNA sequence between individuals.
- Variants in coding DNAA variant in the coding DNA of a gene changes the bases that are read as codons.
- Mendel and the discovery of inheritanceGregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who bred pea plants in his monastery garden in the 1850s and 1860s.
- Alleles and inherited differencesCharacteristics such as flower colour or blood group are controlled by genes.
- Key terms in geneticsA chromosome is a long molecule of coiled DNA in the nucleus that carries many genes.
- Monohybrid inheritance, Punnett squares and pedigreesMonohybrid inheritance is the inheritance of a single gene that has two alleles.
- Sex determination at fertilisationHuman body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Calculating outcomes of monohybrid crossesThe results of a monohybrid cross can be given as a probability, a ratio or a percentage.
- Inheritance of the ABO blood groupsMost genes you meet at GCSE have two alleles, but the gene for the ABO blood group has three: IA, IB and i.
- Inheritance of sex-linked genetic disordersHumans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Multiple genes and phenotypeSome features are controlled by a single gene.
- Genetic variation and phenotypePhenotype is influenced by genes and by the environment.
- The Human Genome ProjectA genome is the entire set of genetic material in an organism.
- Genetic variation and mutationsLook at any population of one species, such as the dogs in a town or the daisies on a lawn, and you will see that the individuals are not identical.
- Effects of mutations on the phenotypeA mutation is a change in the DNA base sequence of a gene, but a change in DNA does not always change how an organism looks or works.