BRAINCAKEAtomic Structure
Revision notes for Atomic Structure in Edexcel Chemistry (8CH0). Every lesson in BrainCake comes with R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps, a quick check and spaced reviews.
- Discovery of Atomic Structure1897: J.
- Structure of the AtomAn atom is made of three sub-atomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
- Atomic Number and Mass NumberThe atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus.
- IsotopesIsotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and different number of neutrons Hydrogen has three isotopes: hydrogen-1 (1…
- Relative Isotopic MassThe relative isotopic mass is the mass of an atom of an isotope compared to 1/12th the mass of a C-12 atom.
- Relative Atomic MassThe relative atomic mass is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom which has a mass of 12.
- Mass SpectrometerA mass spectrometer measures the mass of atoms and molecules The mass spectrometer can be used to experimentally measure the percentage abundances…
- Relative Atomic Mass from a Mass SpectrometerYou can determine the relative masses of isotopes from a mass spectrum of the element.
- Relative Molecular Mass from a Mass SpectrometerThe structure of covalent compounds can be analysed by a mass spectrometer.
- Quantum ShellsElectrons exist in well-defined energy levels called quantum shells.
- OrbitalsAn orbital is a region in space where there is a 95% chance of finding the electron.
- Electronic ConfigurationsOrbitals fill in order of increasing energy.
- Predicting Electronic ConfigurationPauli Exclusion Principle and Hund's Rule The Pauli exclusion principle states that two electrons may occupy the same orbital only if they have…
- Energy Levels and Emission SpectraWhen atoms in a gaseous state are given energy by either heating or passing an electric current through them electrons move to a higher energy level.
- First Ionisation EnergyThe First Ionisation Energy is the energy needed to remove one electron from each atom of one mole of atoms in their gaseous state to form one mole…
- Successive Ionisation EnergiesThe first ionisation energy is the least endothermic as energy is needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom.
- The Energy of an ElectronThe ionisation energy of an atom is the energy needed to remove an electron, so it is a measure of how strongly that electron is held in its orbital.
- Ionisation Energy across a PeriodIonisation energy depends on: the nuclear charge which depends on the number of protons the shielding, energy of the quantum shell and distance from…
- Ionisation Energy Down a GroupAs we go down a group, the nuclear charge increases as the number of protons increase but this is outweighed by the increase in shielding and the…
On the specification
- Topic 1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table