BRAINCAKECarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Revision notes for Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives in AQA Chemistry (7405). Read the start of any lesson here, then sign in free for the whole lesson, the R.E.C.I.P.E. recall steps and the quiz.
- Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, COOH.
- Naming Carboxylic AcidsCarboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid, added to the stem for the longest carbon chain.
- Carboxylic Acids as Weak AcidsCarboxylic acids are weak acids: they only partially dissociate in water, releasing a small proportion of their H+ ions.
- Reaction with CarbonatesCarboxylic acids are strong enough acids to react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, forming a salt, water and carbon dioxide.
- EsterificationA carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and water.
- Naming EstersEsters have the functional group -COO- and the general formula RCOOR'.
- Uses of EstersEsters have many everyday uses.
- Hydrolysis of EstersHydrolysis of an ester means splitting it by reaction with water.
- Vegetable Oils and FatsVegetable oils and animal fats are esters of propane-1,2,3-triol, which is also called glycerol, CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2OH.
- Soap MakingSoap is made by the alkaline hydrolysis of vegetable oils and animal fats.
- BiodieselBiodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of long-chain carboxylic acids.
- Acyl ChloridesAcyl chlorides are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the OH group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.
- Acid AnhydridesAcid anhydrides are the other acylating agents in AQA's specification.
- Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination MechanismAcyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with nucleophiles by nucleophilic addition-elimination.
- Acylation of Water, Alcohols, Ammonia and AminesAcylation is the addition of an acyl group, RCO, to a molecule.
- Manufacture of AspirinAspirin is a painkiller made by acylating 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid).