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The Quark Model

Quarks are fundamental particles. There are 3 types of quarks we will meet at A level: up(u), down(d) and strange(s).

Mesons are hadrons consisting of quark antiquark pairs.

Baryons are made of three quarks.

The proton is the only stable baryon.

The Σ particle is a baryon containing a strange quark.

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Specification: AQA Physics (7407), AS-level, 3.2.1.6 Quarks and antiquarks. Topic: Quarks and Leptons.

Photon: A discrete packet, or quantum, of electromagnetic energy.
Ionisation: The removal of one or more electrons from a neutral atom, or the addition of electrons, to form an ion.
Ionisation energy: The minimum energy needed to remove an electron completely from an atom.
Excitation: The process by which an electron in an atom gains energy and moves to a higher, unoccupied energy level.
Ground state: The lowest energy state of an atom, in which its electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels.