Ligand Substitution Reactions
If concentrated HCl is added to a solution of hexaaquacopper (II) ions the solution turns from blue to yellow. The tetrachlorocuprate (II) complex is more stable than hexaaquacopper (II) ions. There is little enthalpy change because bonds are of similar strength.

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Key terms in this lesson
- entropy
- A measure of the number of ways particles and energy can be arranged in a system, often described as the amount of disorder.
More in Transition Metals
- Shapes of complex ions
- Isomerism
- Formation of Coloured Ions
- Spectroscopy
- Vanadium
- Tollens Reagent
- Redox Potential
- Redox Titrations
All 21 lessons in Transition Metals · All AQA A-level Chemistry topics